ON THIS PAGE

Velocity-Gated Wetting Uniformity in Confined-Tube Forced-Immersion Quenching of a Cylindrical Steel Body

Sanjana Sharma1
1Department of Mechanical Engineering-Engineering Mechanics, at Michigan Technological University

Abstract

The forced-quench process under consideration is one in which water delivery, vapor suppression, recirculation, and wall heat extraction occur in such a way that the outcome, namely rapid and uniform cooling sufficient for hardening treatment, results from the combined action of the four factors. This paper examines if the dependency of quenching behavior on velocity in a confined-tube quench process can be classified by the wetting characteristic associated with the wall boundary condition. The case involves quenching a stainless-steel cylinder having a diameter of 31.8 mm and length 152.4 mm heated to 870 °C with 20 °C water inside a quenching tube of diameter 107 mm and length 1000 mm using velocities of 1, 2, 4.2, and 6 m/s. The key variables include maximum vapor fraction, vapor suppression time, reattachment distance, heat flux from the wall, heat transfer coefficient, surface temperature, and cooling rate. The process transitions from insufficient performance to adequate performance when the flow eliminates both vapor shielding and generates a sufficiently lengthy recovery path along the wall. For instance, for 1 m/s of flow velocity, vapor fraction attains 29.5%, which denotes significant shielding effect. However, for a velocity of 4.2 m/s, vapor fraction decreases significantly, reaching 10%, dissipating after 1.5 s. Sidewall heat transfer coefficient exceeds 22.4 kW/( m2 K ), and the cooling rate is above 650 °C s−1. For the highest velocity (6 m/s), sidewall heat flux reaches almost 18 MW/m2 while mid-side cooling rate exceeds 1900 °C s−1. Nevertheless, increasing the velocity from 4.2 m/s to 6 m/s should be considered as changing from sufficient to maximum severity levels. The research question is addressed in a direct manner by way of velocity-gated wetting, which enables the determination of the lowest velocity necessary, which, according to the research findings, would be 4.2 m/s.

Keywords: forced-immersion quenching; boiling heat transfer; wetting uniformity; confined tube; cooling rate; heat-transfer coefficient; steel heat treatment; thermal-process design
Citation
Sanjana Sharma. Velocity-Gated Wetting Uniformity in Confined-Tube Forced-Immersion Quenching of a Cylindrical Steel Body[J], TK Techforum Journal (ThyssenKrupp Techforum), Volume 2022 (3). 41-57.

Related Articles

Khalid Alghanim1
1Mechanical Engineering Department, Kuwait University, P. O. Box: 5969, Safat, 13060, Kuwait
Joseph Bentsman1
1Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA